One of the foremost active properties of the Valerian is the oil which is only found under the top layer of the root. Concerning the oil of Valerian, Grieve’s book, A Modern Herbal, explains that, "It is of complex composition containing valerenic, formic and acetic acids, the alcohol known as borneol, and pinene."  The valerenic acid in Valerian is the constituent that has scientifically been proven to give Valerian it's foul smell.

Valeprotriates are chemical constituents that are known for producing a strong sedating effect.  In A Green Pharmacy, James A. Duke discusses how bornyl esters were mostly credited for the herbs sedative qualities but an Italian study discovered otherwise. Valeprotriates were once thought to be carcinogenic but further research has indicated that is false and that these constituents are not harmful. This particular study found that the chemicals valeranone and kessyl esters were also components which contributed to Valerian's relaxing qualities. These components cannot be isolated and used to reproduce the same soothing effect. Working as a group is the only way that these constituents are able create the calming effects that Valerian provides. Since the Valerian herb also acts as a stimulant about twenty percent of users will react to these chemicals in such a manner.

Also found in Valerian are anti-arrhythmic compounds that can help to regulate the heart by slowing any palpitations of concern. Valerian contains compounds called sesquiterpenes that also produce sedating effects. Other constituents that are contained in Valerian include the alkaloid, Chatarine, formic acid, glucoside, gums, phosphorous, resins, and silica.